Java Enum Misc

Enum Misc

  • All enums implicitely extends java.lang.Enum
  • Enum in Java are type-safe
  • You can specify values of enum constants at the creation time. Enum.values() returns an array of MyEnum’s values.
  • Enum constants are implicitly static and final and can not be changed once created.
  • Enum can be safely compare using:
    • Switch-Case Statement
    • == Operator
    • .equals() method
  • You can not create instance of enums by using new operator in Java because constructor of Enum in Java can only be private and Enums constants can only be created inside Enums itself.
  • Instance of Enum in Java is created when any Enum constants are first called or referenced in code.
  • An enum can be declared outside or inside a class, but NOT in a method.
  • An enum declared outside a class must NOT be marked static, final , abstract, protected , or private
  • Enums can contain constructors, methods, variables, and constant class bodies.
  • enum constructors can have arguments, and can be overloaded.
  • enum constructors can NEVER be invoked directly in code. They are always called automatically when an enum is initialized.
  • The semicolon at the end of an enum declaration is optional.

These are legal:

    enum Foo { ONE, TWO, THREE}
    enum Foo { ONE, TWO, THREE};

type safe

The advantage of this style of enumeration over the C/C++-style enum or constants is that they are type-safe, meaning that, for example, if you define a method

public void setSuit(Suit suit) { ... }

the caller cannot pass in a value that does not correspond to an enumeration value

Language level features

  • Since enumeration instances are all effectively singletons, they can be compared for equality using identity (“==”).
  • In Java 5.0, the enum keyword is introduced as a special type of class that always extends java.lang.Enum.
  • Note that the enumeration values are still static class members, though not declared as such.
  • Enum is implemented using Arrays and common operations result in constant time. So if you are thinking of an high-performance Map, EnumMap could be a decent choice for enumeration data. We have already seen many examples of Java enum in our article 10 Examples of enum in Java and using Enum as thread-safe Singleton. In this Java tutorial, we will see simple examples of using EnumMap in Java.
  • All keys used in EnumMap must be from same Enum type which is specified while creating EnumMap in Java. For example if you can not use different enum instances from two different enum.
  • EnumMap is ordered collection and they are maintained in the natural order of their keys( natural order of keys means the order on which enum constant are declared inside enum type ). you can verify this while Iterating over an EnumMap in Java.
  • Iterators of EnumMap are fail-fast Iterator , much like of ConcurrentHashMap and doesn’t throw ConcurrentModificationException and may not show effect of any modification on EnumMap during Iteration process.
  • You can not insert null keys inside EnumMap in Java. EnumMap doesn’t allow null key and throw NullPointerException, at same time null values are permitted.
  • EnumMap is not synchronized and it has to be synchronized manually before using it in a concurrent or multi-threaded environment. like synchronized Map in Java you can also make EnumMap synchronized by using Collections.synchronizedMap() method and as per javadoc this should be done while creating EnumMap in java to avoid accidental non synchronized access.
  • The constructor of enum in java must be private any other access modifier will result in compilation error. Now to get the value associated with each coin you can define a public getValue() method inside Java enum like any normal Java class. Also, the semicolon in the first line is optional.
public enum Currency {
        PENNY(1), NICKLE(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25);
        private int value;

        private Currency(int value) {
                this.value = value;
        }
};
  • Since constants defined inside Enum in Java are final you can safely compare them using “==”, the equality operator as shown in following example of Java Enum:
  • Java compiler automatically generates static values() method for every enum in java. Values() method returns array of Enum constants in the same order they have listed in Enum and you can use values() to iterate over values of Enum in Java as shown in below example. Notice the order is exactly the same as defined order in the Enum.
for(Currency coin: Currency.values()){
   System.out.println("coin: " + coin);
}
  • In Java, Enum can override methods also. Let’s see an example of overriding toString() method inside Enum in Java to provide a meaningful description for enums constants.
public enum Currency {
  ........
      
  @Override
  public String toString() {
       switch (this) {
         case PENNY:
              System.out.println("Penny: " + value);
              break;
         case NICKLE:
              System.out.println("Nickle: " + value);
              break;
         case DIME:
              System.out.println("Dime: " + value);
              break;
         case QUARTER:
              System.out.println("Quarter: " + value);
        }
  return super.toString();
 }
};
  • EnumSet doesn’t have any public constructor instead it provides factory methods to create instance e.g. EnumSet.of() methods. This design allows EnumSet to internally choose between two different implementations depending upon the size of Enum constants.

If Enum has less than 64 constants than EnumSet uses RegularEnumSet class which internally uses a long variable to store those 64 Enum constants and if Enum has more keys than 64 then it uses JumboEnumSet. See my article the difference between RegularEnumSet and JumboEnumSet for more details.

  • An instance of Enum in Java is created when any Enum constants are first called or referenced in code.
  • Enum in Java can **implement the interface and override any method **like normal class It’s also worth noting that Enum in java implicitly implements both Serializable and Comparable interface. Let’s see and example of how to implement interface using Java Enum:
public enum Currency implements Runnable{
  PENNY(1), NICKLE(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25);
  private int value;
  ............
        
  @Override
  public void run() {
  System.out.println("Enum in Java implement interfaces");
                
   }
}
  • You can define abstract methods inside Enum in Java and can also provide a different implementation for different instances of enum in java. Let’s see an example of using abstract method inside enum in java
 public enum Currency {
        PENNY(1) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "copper";
            }
        },
        NICKLE(5) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "bronze";
            }
        },
        DIME(10) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "silver";
            }
        },
        QUARTER(25) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "silver";
            }
        };
        private int value;

        public abstract String color();

        private Currency(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }
 

}

In this example since every coin will have the different color we made the color() method abstract and let each instance of Enum to define their own color. You can get color of any coin by just calling the color() method as shown in below example of Java Enum:

System.out.println(“Color: “ + Currency.DIME.color());

So that was the comprehensive list of properties, behavior and capabilities of Enumeration type in Java. I know, it’s not easy to remember all those powerful features and that’s why I have prepared this small Microsoft powerpoint slide containing all important properties of Enum in Java. You can always come back and check this slide to revise important features of Java Enum.

RegularEnumSet vs. JumboEnumSet

  • Since Enum always has fixed number of instances, data-structure which is used to store Enum can be optimized depending upon number of instances and that’s why we have two different implementation of EnumSet in Java. We will take a closer look on this concept in next paragraph.
  • How EnumSet is implemented in Java EnumSet is an abstract class and it provides two concrete implementations, java.util.RegularEnumSet and java.util.JumboEnumSet. Main difference between RegularEnumSet and JumboEnumSet is that former uses a long variable to store elements while later uses a long[] to store its element. Since RegularEnumSet uses long variable, which is a 64 bit data type, it can only hold that much of element. That’s why when an empty EnumSet is created using EnumSet.noneOf() method, it choose RegularEnumSet if key universe (number of enum instances in Key Enum) is less than or equal to 64 and JumboEnumSet if key universe is more than 64. Here is the code which does that :
public static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> noneOf(Class<E> elementType) {   
        .. ............ 
        if (universe.length <= 64)
            return new RegularEnumSet<E>(elementType, universe);
        else
            return new JumboEnumSet<E>(elementType, universe);
    }
  1. EnumSet is not thread-safe, which means if it needs to be externally synchronized, when multiple thread access it and one of them modifies the Collection.
  2. EnumSet can not be used to store any other object except Enum, at the same time you can not store instances of two different Enum.
  3. EnumSet doesn’t allow Null elements.
  4. EnumSet Iterators are fail-safe in nature.

Difference between EnumMap vs HashMap

  • Internally EnumMap is represented using Array and provides constant time performance for common methods e.g. get() or put(). Now let’s see few differences between EnumMap vs HashMap :
  • As said earlier, first and foremost difference between EnumMap and HashMap is that EnumMap is optimized for enum keys while HashMap is a general purpose Map implementation similar to Hashtable. you can not use any type other than Enum as key in EnumMap but you can use both Enum and any other Object as key in HashMap.
  • Another difference between EnumMap and HashMap is performance. as discussed in the previous point, due to specialized optimization done for Enum keys, EnumMap is likely to perform better than HashMap when using enum as key object.
  • One more thing which can be considered as the difference between HashMap and EnumMap is the probability of Collision. Since Enum is internally maintained as array ** and they are **stored in their natural order using ordinal(), as shown in following code which is taken from put() method of EnumMap. Since EnumMap doesn’t call hashCode method on keys, there is no chance of collision.
int index = ((Enum)key).ordinal();
    Object oldValue = vals[index];
    vals[index] = maskNull(value);
  • you can use both == and equals() method to compare Enum, they will produce same result because equals() method of Java.lang.Enum internally uses == to compare enum in Java. Since every Enum in Java implicitly extends java.lang.Enum ,and since equals() method is declared final, there is no chance of overriding equals method in user defined enum

  • But there are still some slight difference, because == (equality operator) being operator and equals() being method. – Using == for comparing Enum can prevent NullPointerException – == method provides type safety during compile time

  • A fail-fast system is nothing but immediately report any failure that is likely to lead to failure. When a problem occurs, a fail-fast system fails immediately. In Java, we can find this behavior with iterators. Incase, you have called iterator on a collection object, and another thread tries to modify the collection object, then concurrent modification exception will be thrown. This is called fail-fast. - See more at:

Real world Examples of Enum in Java

  1. Enum as Thread Safe Singleton
  2. Strategy Pattern using Enum. to implement the Strategy interface and define individual strategy
  3. Enum as replacement of Enum String or int pattern. There is now no need to use String or integer constant to represent fixed set of things e.g. status of object like ON and OFF for a button or START, IN PROGRESS and DONE for a Task. Enum is much better suited for those needs as it provide compile time type safety and better debugging assistent than String or Integer.
  4. Enum as State Machine
  5. Enum Java valueOf example. “You could also include valueOf() method of enum in java which is added by compiler in any enum along with values() method. Enum valueOf() is a static method which takes a string argument and can be used to convert a String into an enum. One think though you would like to keep in mind is that valueOf(String) method of enum will throw “Exception in thread “main” java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No enum const class” if you supply any string other than enum values.

Reverse lookup

Often in your object model it is common to have data that is naturally “associated” with an enumeration. Since an enum is a class, it is easy to represent this associated information as class fields. Often it is desirable to “lookup” the associated enumeration using the field value. This is easy to do using a static java.util.Map. Take, for example, a Status enum that has an associated status code.

public enum Status
{
     WAITING(0),
     READY(1),
     SKIPPED(-1),
     COMPLETED(5);

     private static final Map<Integer,Status> lookup
          = new HashMap<Integer,Status>();

     static {
          for(Status s : EnumSet.allOf(Status.class))
               lookup.put(s.getCode(), s);
     }

     private int code;

     private Status(int code) {
          this.code = code;
     }

     public int getCode() { return code; }

     public static Status get(int code) {
          return lookup.get(code);
     }
}

Sleek EnumMap

Why would I use an EnumMap rather than a HashMap? The primary reasons boil down to some inherent advantages of Java’s enum as stated in the Javadoc documentation for EnumMap: “Enum maps are represented internally as arrays. This representation is extremely compact and efficient.” Later in the same Javadoc documentation, there is an “Implementation Note” that states: “All basic operations execute in constant time. They are likely (though not guaranteed) to be faster than their HashMap counterparts.”

The Javadoc documentation states similar advantages for the EnumSet over the HashSet:

Enum sets are represented internally as bit vectors. This representation is extremely compact and efficient. The space and time performance of this class should be good enough to allow its use as a high-quality, typesafe alternative to traditional int-based ‘bit flags.’ … Implementation note: All basic operations execute in constant time. They are likely (though not guaranteed) to be much faster than their HashSet counterparts. Even bulk operations execute in constant time if their argument is also an enum set.

Reference

  • http://crunchify.com/why-and-for-what-should-i-use-enum-java-enum-examples/
  • http://www.ajaxonomy.com/2007/java/making-the-most-of-java-50-enum-tricks
  • http://www.javaworld.com/article/2073430/the-sleek-enummap-and-enumset.html
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html#ixzz4W6bC2mUV
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.in/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html
  • http://www.java67.com/2013/11/difference-between-regularenumset-and-jumboenumset-java.html#ixzz4WANO22q5
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html#ixzz4WAP43bUB
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2012/09/difference-between-enummap-and-hashmap-in-java-vs.html#ixzz4WAQcrjkC
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2013/04/how-to-compare-two-enum-in-java-equals.html#ixzz4WARs9slQ

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14 minute read

This page is about key points about Algorithm

Java-Tricky-Tech-Questions.md

19 minute read

What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable in Java? In earlier version of Java, reflection was very slow, and so serializaing large ob...

Compare-In-Java

6 minute read

Concepts If you implement Comparable interface and override compareTo() method it must be consistent with equals() method i.e. for equal object by equals(...

Java Collections Misc

4 minute read

Difference between equals and deepEquals of Arrays in Java Arrays.equals() method does not compare recursively if an array contains another array on oth...

HashMap in JDK

4 minute read

Hashmap in JDK Some note worth points about hashmap Lookup process Step# 1: Quickly determine the bucket number in which this element may resid...

Java 8 Tips

60 minute read

This blog is listing key new features introduced in Java 8

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2016

Java GC notes

28 minute read

verbose:gc verbose:gc prints right after each gc collection and prints details about each generation memory details. Here is blog on how to read verbose gc

Hash Code Misc

12 minute read

contract of hashCode : Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consis...

Angulary Misc

2 minute read

Dependency Injection Angular doesn’t automatically know how you want to create instances of your services or the injector to create your service. You must co...

Random number in java

less than 1 minute read

ThreadLocalRandom, SecureRandm, java.util.Random, java.math.Random

Java new features

less than 1 minute read

JDK Versions JDK 1.5 in 2005 JDK 1.6 in 2006 JDK 1.7 in 2011 JDK 1.8 in 2014 Sun之前风光无限，但是在2010年1月27号被Oracle收购。 在被Oracle收购后对外承诺要回到每2年一个realse的节奏。但是20...

Simpler chronicle of CI(Continuous Integration) “乱弹系列”之持续集成工具

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引言 有句话说有人的地方就有江湖，同样，有江湖的地方就有恩怨。在软件行业历史长河（虽然相对于其他行业来说，软件行业的历史实在太短了，但是确是充满了智慧的碰撞也是十分的精彩）中有一些恩怨情愁，分分合合的小故事，比如类似的有，从一套代码发展出来后面由于合同到期就分道扬镳，然后各自发展成独门产品的Sybase DB和微...

浅谈软件单元测试中的“断言” (assert)，从石器时代进步到黄金时代。

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大家都知道，在软件测试特别是在单元测试时,必用的一个功能就是“断言”（Assert)，可能有些人觉得不就一个Assert语句，没啥花头，也有很多人用起来也是懵懵懂懂，认为只要是Assert开头的方法，拿过来就用。一个偶然的机会跟人聊到此功能，觉得还是有必要在此整理一下如何使用以及对“断言”的理解。希望可以帮助大家...

Head First Blockchina 1

less than 1 minute read

深入浅出区块链系统：第一章. what you should know about blockchain

Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

less than 1 minute read

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具，用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

http methods

11 minute read

RFC origion http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9.1.2)

Spark-vs-Storm

less than 1 minute read

The stark difference among Spark and Storm. Although both are claimed to process the streaming data in real time. But Spark processes it as micro-batches; wh...

微服务

less than 1 minute read

可以想像一下，之前的传统应用系统，像是一个大办公室里面，有各个部门，销售部，采购部，财务部。办一件事情效率比较高。但是也有一些弊端，首先，各部门都在一个房间里。

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

less than 1 minute read

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

less than 1 minute read

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

iConnect

less than 1 minute read

UI HTML5, AngularJS, BootStrap, REST API, JSON Backend Hadoop core (HDFS), Hive, HBase, MapReduce, Oozie, Pig, Solr

Business Analysis

less than 1 minute read

Purpose of BA 带来一些商业价值（收益） 解决业务痛点

Data Structure

2 minute read

Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two children. A property of a binary tree that is sometimes important is that th...

equity trading

less than 1 minute read

Difference between mutal funds and hedge funds

SQL

less than 1 minute read

Differences between not in, not exists , and left join with null

HTTPS/2

less than 1 minute read

concepts

Github page commands notes

less than 1 minute read

404 error for customized domain (such as godday) 404 There is not a GitHub Pages site here. Go to github master branch for gitpages site, manually add CN...

RenMinBi International

1 minute read

RQFII RQFII stands for Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. RQFII was introduced in 2011 to allow qualified foreign institutional investors to ...

Load Balancing

less than 1 minute read

Concepts LVS means Linux Virtual Server, which is one Linux built-in component.

Python

less than 1 minute read

(‘—–Unexpected error:’, <type ‘exceptions.TypeError’>) datetime.datetime.now()

Setup Git in Mint Linux

less than 1 minute read

How to setup Git in Mint Linux =================================================

Microservices vs. SOA

1 minute read

Microservice Services are organized around capabilities, e.g., user interface front-end, recommendation, logistics, billing, etc. Services are small in ...

Java Class Loader

33 minute read

Codecache The maximum size of the code cache is set via the -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=N flag (where N is the default just mentioned for the particular com...

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