Hash Code Misc

contract of hashCode :

  • Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consistently return the same integer, provided no information used in equals comparisons on the object is modified. This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an application to another execution of the same application.
  • If two objects are equal according to the equals(Object) method, then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce the same integer result.
  • It is not required that if two objects are unequal according to the equals(java.lang.Object) method, then calling the hashCode method on each of the two objects must produce distinct integer results. However, the programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.

As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by class Object does return distinct integers for distinct objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal address of the object into an integer, but this implementation technique is not required by the JavaTM programming language.)

Hashcode in Java Collections

Hashcode vs. equals

Equals

For usage in java collections framework, equals() used in following scenarios:

  • contains or not
  • to remove one item

Below is one implementation of a Equals

public class Employee{
    public boolean equals(Object o){
        if(o==null) return false;
        if(!(o instanceof Employee)) return false;

        Employee other=(Employee)o;
        return this.employeeID==other.employeeID;
    }
}

Hashcode

When insert data into HashTable, HashMap, HashSet, the hashcode used to determine where to store/search the value in list/bucket. The hashcode only point to an area in list/bucket of data. The hashtable then iterates this area (all keys with the same hash code) and uses the key’s equals() method to find the right key. Once the right key is found, the object stored for that key is returned.

After you override the hashcode, you are still be able to get origional hashcode via calling int originalHashCode = System.identityHashCode(emp1);

Rules

In this regard there is a rule of thumb that if you are going to overide the one of the methods (equals, hashcode), you have to override both, othersise it’s a violation of contract .

HashMap tips

  • Since searching inlined list is O(n) operation, in worst case hash collision reduce a map to linked list. This issue is recently addressed in Java 8 by replacing linked list to the tree to search in O(logN)
  • HashMap works on the principle of hashing.
  • HashMap stores both Key and Value in LinkedList node or as Map
  • using immutable, final object with proper equals() and hashcode() implementation would act as perfect Java HashMap keys and improve the performance of Java HashMap by reducing collision. Immutability also allows caching their hashcode of different keys which makes overall retrieval process very fast and suggest that String and various wrapper classes e.g. Integer very good keys in Java HashMap.
  • if the load factor is .75 it will act to re-size the map once it filled 75%. Java HashMap re-size itself by creating a new bucket array of size twice of the previous size of HashMap and then start putting every old element into that new bucket array. This process is called rehashing because it also applies the hash function to find new bucket location.
  • there is potential race condition exists while resizing HashMap in Java, if two thread at the same time found that now HashMap needs resizing and they both try to resizing. on the process of resizing of HashMap in Java, the element in the bucket which is stored in linked list get reversed in order during their migration to new bucket because Java HashMap doesn’t append the new element at tail instead it append new element at the head to avoid tail traversing.
  • If race condition happens then you will end up with an infinite loop.

Why String, Integer and other wrapper classes are considered good keys?

  • String, Integer and other wrapper classes are natural candidates of HashMap key, and String is most frequently used key as well because String is immutable and final, and overrides equals and hashcode() method.
  • Immutability is best as it offers other advantages as well like thread-safety, If you can keep your hashCode same by only making certain fields final, then you go for that as well.

ConcurrentHashMap

  • ConcurrentHashMap provides better concurrency by only locking portion of map determined by concurrency level.
  • but Hashtable provides stronger thread-safety than ConcurrentHashMap
  • ConcurrentHashMap performs better than earlier two because it only locks a portion of Map, instead of whole Map, which is the case with Hashtable and synchronized Map.
  • provided all functions supported by Hashtable with an additional feature called “concurrency level”, which allows ConcurrentHashMap to partition Map.
  • ConcurrentHashMap allows multiple readers to read concurrently without any blocking. This is achieved by partitioning Map into different parts based on concurrency level and locking only a portion of Map during updates.
  • Default concurrency level is 16, and accordingly Map is divided into 16 part and each part is governed with a different lock. This means, 16 thread can operate on Map simultaneously until they are operating on different part of Map.
  • Since update operations like put(), remove(), putAll() or clear() is not synchronized, concurrent retrieval may not reflect most recent change on Map.
  • ConcurrentHashMap also uses ReentrantLock to internally lock its segments.
  • In hashmap and hashtable, you can check one item first and add it if not present. Though this code will work fine in HashMap and Hashtable, This won’t work in ConcurrentHashMap; because, during put operation whole map is not locked, and while one thread is putting value, other thread’s get() call can still return null which result in one thread overriding value inserted by other thread. Ofcourse, you can wrap whole code in synchronized block and make it thread-safe but that will only make your code single threaded. ConcurrentHashMap provides putIfAbsent(key, value) which does same thing but atomically and thus eliminates above race condition
  • ConcurrentHashMap is best suited when you have multiple readers and few writers. If writers outnumber reader, or writer is equal to reader, than performance of ConcurrentHashMap effectively reduces to synchronized map or Hashtable. Performance of CHM drops, because you got to lock all portion of Map, and effectively each reader will wait for another writer, operating on that portion of Map. ConcurrentHashMap is a good choice for caches, which can be initialized during application start up and later accessed my many request processing threads.
  • ConcurrentHashMap allows concurrent read and thread-safe update operation.
  • Iterator returned by ConcurrentHashMap is weekly consistent, fail-safe and never throw ConcurrentModificationException.
  • In Java.ConcurrentHashMap doesn’t allow null as key or value.

How null work in HashMap

How null key is handled in HashMap? Since equals() and hashCode() are used to store and retrieve values, how does it work in case of the null key?

The null key is handled specially in HashMap, there are two separate methods for that putForNullKey(V value) and getForNullKey() . Later is offloaded version of get() to look up null keys. Null keys always map to index 0. This null case is split out into separate methods for the sake of performance in the two most commonly used operations (get and put), but incorporated with conditionals in others. In short, equals() and hashcode() method are not used in case of null keys in HashMap.

Performance changes in JDK 1.7 and 1.8

  • There is some performance improvement done on HashMap and ArrayList from JDK 1.7, which reduce memory consumption. Due to this empty Map are lazily initialized and will cost you less memory. Earlier, when you create HashMap e.g. new HashMap() it automatically creates an array of default length e.g. 16. After some research, Java team found that most of this Map are temporary and never use that many elements, and only end up wasting memory. Also, From JDK 1.8 onwards HashMap has introduced an improved strategy to deal with high collision rate. Since a poor hash function e.g. which always return location of same bucket, can turn a HashMap into linked list, i.e. converting get() method to perform in O(n) instead of O(1) and someone can take advantage of this fact, Java now internally replace linked list to a binary true once certain threshold is breached. This ensures performance or order O(log(n)) even in the worst case where a hash function is not distributing keys properly.
  • such change is creating empty ArrayList and HashMap with size zero in JDK 1.7.0_40 update.
  • If you are running on Java 1.6 or earlier version of Java 1.7, you can open code of java.util.ArrayList and check that, currently empty ArrayList is initialized with Object array of size 10. If you create several temporary list in your program, which remains uninitialized, due to any reason then you are not only losing memory but also losing performance by giving your garbage collector more work.
  • Same is true for empty HashMap, which was initialized by default initial capacity of 16. This changes are result of observation made by Nathan Reynolds, and Architect at Oracle, which apparently analysed 670 Java heap dumps from different Java programs to find out memory hogs.
  • By the way, it’s not just memory, it’s also extra work-load for Garbage collector

Hashtable

  • One of the major differences between HashMap and Hashtable is that HashMap is non-synchronized whereas Hashtable is synchronized
  • Another difference is HashMap allows one null key and null values but **Hashtable doesn’t allow null ** key or values.
  • Another significant difference between HashMap vs Hashtable is that Iterator in the HashMap is a fail-fast ** iterator while the enumerator for the **Hashtable is not and throw ConcurrentModificationException if any other Thread modifies the map structurally by adding or removing any element except Iterator’s own remove() method

ConcurrentHashMap vs Hashtable vs Synchronized Map

  • Though all three collection classes are thread-safe and can be used in multi-threaded, concurrent Java application, there is a significant difference between them, which arise from the fact that how they achieve their thread-safety.
  • Hashtable is a legacy class from JDK 1.1 itself, which uses synchronized methods to achieve thread-safety. All methods of Hashtable are synchronized which makes them quite slow due to contention if a number of thread increases.
  • Synchronized Map is also not very different than Hashtable and provides similar performance in concurrent Java programs. The only difference between Hashtable and Synchronized Map is that later is not a legacy and you can wrap any Map to create it’s synchronized version by using Collections.synchronizedMap()
  • Unlike Hashtable and Synchronized Map, it never locks whole Map, instead, it divides the map into segments and locking is done on those. Though it performs better if a number of reader threads are greater than the number of writer threads.
  • ConcurrentHashMap and CopyOnWriteArrayList implementations provide much higher concurrency while preserving thread safety, with some minor compromises in their promises to callers. ConcurrentHashMap and CopyOnWriteArrayList are not necessarily useful everywhere you might use HashMap or ArrayList, but are designed to optimize specific common situations.
  • ConcurrentHashMap does not allow null keys or null values while synchronized HashMap allows one null key.

Synchronized List

  • CopyOnWriteArrayList and CopyOnWriteArraySet CopyOnWriteArrayList is a concurrent alternative of synchronized List. CopyOnWriteArrayList provides better concurrency than synchronized List by allowing multiple concurrent reader and replacing the whole list on write operation. Yes, write operation is costly on CopyOnWriteArrayList but it performs better when there are multiple reader and requirement of iteration is more than writing. Since CopyOnWriteArrayList Iterator also don’t throw ConcurrencModificationException it eliminates need to lock the collection during iteration. Remember both ConcurrentHashMap and CopyOnWriteArrayList doesn’t provides same level of locking as Synchronized Collection and achieves thread-safety by there locking and mutability strategy. So they perform better if requirements suits there nature. Similarly, CopyOnWriteArraySet is a concurrent replacement to Synchronized Set. See What is CopyOnWriteArrayList in Java for more details

  • BlockingQueue BlockingQueue is also one of better known collection class in Java 5. BlockingQueue makes it easy to implement producer-consumer design pattern by providing inbuilt blocking support for put() and take() method. put() method will block if Queue is full while take() method will block if Queue is empty. Java 5 API provides two concrete implementation of BlockingQueue in form of ArrayBlockingQueue and LinkedBlockingQueue, both of them implement FIFO ordering of element. ArrayBlockingQueue is backed by Array and its bounded in nature while LinkedBlockingQueue is optionally bounded. Consider using BlockingQueue to solve producer Consumer problem in Java instead of writing your won wait-notify code. Java 5 also provides PriorityBlockingQueue, another implementation of BlockingQueue which is ordered on priority and useful if you want to process elements on order other than FIFO.

  • Deque interface is added in Java 6 and it extends Queue interface to support insertion and removal from both end of Queue referred as head and tail. Java6 also provides concurrent implementation of Deque like ArrayDeque and LinkedBlockingDeque. Deque Can be used efficiently to increase parallelism in program by allowing set of worker thread **to help each other by taking some of work load from other thread by utilizing Deque double end consumption property. So if all Thread has there **own set of task Queue and they are consuming from head; helper thread can also share some work load via consumption from tail.

  • ConcurrentSkipListMap and ConcurrentSkipListSet Just like ConcurrentHashMap provides a concurrent alternative of synchronized HashMap. ConcurrentSkipListMap and ConcurrentSkipListSet provide concurrent alternative for synchronized version of SortedMap and SortedSet. For example instead of using TreeMap or TreeSet wrapped inside synchronized Collection, You can consider using ConcurrentSkipListMap or ConcurrentSkipListSet from java.util.concurrent package. They also implement NavigableMap and NavigableSet to add additional navigation method we have seen in our post How to use NavigableMap in Java.

To sort hashmap by key and value

  • Why can’t we use TreeMap in place of HashMap is the question appears in most Java programmer’s mind when they asked to sort HashMap in Java. Well, TreeMap is way slower than HashMap because it runs sorting operation with each insertion, update and removal and sometimes you don’t really need an all time sorted Map, What you need is an ability to sort any Map implementation based upon its key and value.

    Sort by Key

  • As I said Map or HashMap in Java can be sorted either on keys or values. Sorting Map on keys is rather easy than sorting on values because Map allows duplicate values but doesn’t allow duplicates keys. You can sort Map, be it HashMap or Hashtable by copying keys into List than sorting List by using Collections.sort() method, here you can use either Comparator or Comparable based upon whether you want to sort on a custom order or natural order. -Once List of keys is sorted, we can create another Map, particularly LinkedHashMap to insert keys in sorted order. LinkedHashMap will maintain the order on which keys are inserted, the result is a sorted Map based on keys. This is shown in the following example by writing a generic parameterized method to sort Map based on keys. You can also sort Map in Java by using TreeMap and Google Collection API (Guava). The advantage of using Guava is that you get some flexibility on specifying ordering.

    Sorting Map in Java - By Value

  • To implement Collection.sort(map, new Comparator<Map.Entry<K,V»(){ o1.getValue().compareTo(o2.getValue())
  • But need to take care of null and duplication

Reference

  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.in/2011/02/how-hashmap-works-in-java.html
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.in/2011/04/difference-between-concurrenthashmap.html
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2013/02/concurrent-collections-from-jdk-56-java-example-tutorial.html#ixzz4WBYzKelD
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2012/12/how-to-sort-hashmap-java-by-key-and-value.html#ixzz4WBgfeGVM

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Hashmap in JDK Some note worth points about hashmap Lookup process Step# 1: Quickly determine the bucket number in which this element may resid...

Java 8 Tips

60 minute read

This blog is listing key new features introduced in Java 8

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2016

Java GC notes

29 minute read

verbose:gc verbose:gc prints right after each gc collection and prints details about each generation memory details. Here is blog on how to read verbose gc

Hash Code Misc

12 minute read

contract of hashCode : Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consis...

Angulary Misc

2 minute read

Dependency Injection Angular doesn’t automatically know how you want to create instances of your services or the injector to create your service. You must co...

Random number in java

less than 1 minute read

ThreadLocalRandom, SecureRandm, java.util.Random, java.math.Random

Java new features

less than 1 minute read

JDK Versions JDK 1.5 in 2005 JDK 1.6 in 2006 JDK 1.7 in 2011 JDK 1.8 in 2014 Sun之前风光无限，但是在2010年1月27号被Oracle收购。 在被Oracle收购后对外承诺要回到每2年一个realse的节奏。但是20...

Simpler chronicle of CI(Continuous Integration) “乱弹系列”之持续集成工具

less than 1 minute read

引言 有句话说有人的地方就有江湖，同样，有江湖的地方就有恩怨。在软件行业历史长河（虽然相对于其他行业来说，软件行业的历史实在太短了，但是确是充满了智慧的碰撞也是十分的精彩）中有一些恩怨情愁，分分合合的小故事，比如类似的有，从一套代码发展出来后面由于合同到期就分道扬镳，然后各自发展成独门产品的Sybase DB和微...

浅谈软件单元测试中的“断言” (assert)，从石器时代进步到黄金时代。

less than 1 minute read

大家都知道，在软件测试特别是在单元测试时,必用的一个功能就是“断言”（Assert)，可能有些人觉得不就一个Assert语句，没啥花头，也有很多人用起来也是懵懵懂懂，认为只要是Assert开头的方法，拿过来就用。一个偶然的机会跟人聊到此功能，觉得还是有必要在此整理一下如何使用以及对“断言”的理解。希望可以帮助大家...

Head First Blockchina 1

less than 1 minute read

深入浅出区块链系统：第一章. what you should know about blockchain

Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

less than 1 minute read

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具，用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

http methods

11 minute read

RFC origion http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9.1.2)

Spark-vs-Storm

less than 1 minute read

The stark difference among Spark and Storm. Although both are claimed to process the streaming data in real time. But Spark processes it as micro-batches; wh...

微服务

less than 1 minute read

可以想像一下，之前的传统应用系统，像是一个大办公室里面，有各个部门，销售部，采购部，财务部。办一件事情效率比较高。但是也有一些弊端，首先，各部门都在一个房间里。

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

less than 1 minute read

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

less than 1 minute read

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

iConnect

less than 1 minute read

UI HTML5, AngularJS, BootStrap, REST API, JSON Backend Hadoop core (HDFS), Hive, HBase, MapReduce, Oozie, Pig, Solr

Business Analysis

less than 1 minute read

Purpose of BA 带来一些商业价值（收益） 解决业务痛点

Data Structure

2 minute read

Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two children. A property of a binary tree that is sometimes important is that th...

equity trading

less than 1 minute read

Difference between mutal funds and hedge funds

SQL

less than 1 minute read

Differences between not in, not exists , and left join with null

HTTPS/2

less than 1 minute read

concepts

Github page commands notes

less than 1 minute read

404 error for customized domain (such as godday) 404 There is not a GitHub Pages site here. Go to github master branch for gitpages site, manually add CN...

RenMinBi International

1 minute read

RQFII RQFII stands for Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. RQFII was introduced in 2011 to allow qualified foreign institutional investors to ...

Load Balancing

less than 1 minute read

Concepts LVS means Linux Virtual Server, which is one Linux built-in component.

Python

less than 1 minute read

(‘—–Unexpected error:’, <type ‘exceptions.TypeError’>) datetime.datetime.now()

Setup Git in Mint Linux

less than 1 minute read

How to setup Git in Mint Linux =================================================

Microservices vs. SOA

1 minute read

Microservice Services are organized around capabilities, e.g., user interface front-end, recommendation, logistics, billing, etc. Services are small in ...

Java Class Loader

33 minute read

Codecache The maximum size of the code cache is set via the -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=N flag (where N is the default just mentioned for the particular com...

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