Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具,用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

Kubernetes

Google根据其在Linux上容器管理经验,改造到docker管理上,就是kubernetes。他的在许多方面表现良好。最重要的是构造于Google多年的宝贵经验只上。

如果你从docker1.0以上开始使用kubernetes,你得到的用户体验会非常良好。比如你会发现kubernetes解决一些docker自身的问题。例如你可以mount(绑定)持久化存储卷(volume),以便于在迁移docker时不至于丢失数据。

kubernetes使用flannel(一个使用go写的虚拟网络的开源系统)构造容器间的网络通信。它还内置有负载均衡。除此之外,它的“服务发现”使用了etcd(一个使用golang编写的开源虚拟网络系统)。然而,使用kubernetes是有代价的。首先,它用一个不同的命令行接口,不同的编程接口及不同的YAML文件定义等。换言之,你不能使用docker命令行接口也不能用docker compose来定义容器。为了使用kubernetes,所有所有的东西都需要从头开始。这就好像这个工具并不是为了docker写的一样(这个在某种程度上确实是)。kubernetes把集群带到了一个全新的高度,代价是学习曲线比较陡。

Docker Swarm

docker-swarm 使用了一个不同的方式。它是docker原生的集群工具。

最方便的部分是它暴露了docker标准的编程接口,意味着你之前一直在使用的任何与docker沟通的工具(docker命令行接口,docker compose,dokku,krane等等),都可以无缝的在docker swarm上使用。

这个其实是个双刃剑,毁誉参半。一直可以使用自己得心应手熟悉的工具,这再好不过了,然而,这样意味着我们又被docker紧紧的“耦合”了(而非业界一直追求的松耦合”)。如果你需要的都能满足,那皆大欢喜。可是如果不是呢,要是你有特殊需求这些API满足不了怎么办?这是就不得不去耍一些“小聪明”。

我们来仔细剖析下这两个工具,主要会从如何在集群中运行容器,这两个工具分别如何安装以及他们提供的功能。

安装设置

安装设置swarm非常简单,简单明了并且很灵活。我们需要做的就是安装一个服务发现工具,然后在所有的节点上安装swarm容器。因为它自己就是以一个docker容器来部署的,因此它在不同的操作系统上运行方式都是没有差别的。我们运行swarm容器,开放一个端口,然后告知服务发现模块的地址。这不能再简单了。我们甚至可以在没有任何服务发现模块的情况下开始使用,来看看我们是否喜欢它,当开始真正认真的要使用时再去添加etcd,consul或者其他支持的工具。

相比较而言,kubernetes的安装就有点复杂晦涩了。不同的操作系统上安装都不同。每个操作系统都有自己的独立安装指令和运维团队。比如说,如果你选择使用vagrant来试用,然后在Fedora这里遇到问题卡住了,但这不是意味着其他的(比如Ubuntu或者coreos)也不能用。你可以,不过要开始在kubernetes官方以外到处搜索. 你所需要的很可能在某个社区论坛里提供的解决方案,但是你需要时间去查询,运气好的话可以在第一次尝试就能用。一个严重的问题是安装kubernetes依赖于bash脚本。如果我们是处于配置管理不是必须的情况下是,这个本身可能不是大问题。我们可能不希望运行一个脚本,而是希望kubernetes成为puppet,chef或者ansible的一部分。同样,这个也是可以解决的。你可以找到ansible 的安装手册来动行kubernetes或者你自己去写。跟swarm比这些都不是什么大问题,只是一点点的小痛苦而已。使用刀砍请不要期待任何的安装文档,除非都可使用docker命令行的时候运行的参数而已。我们打算去运行容器,swarm可以实现这个,但kubernetes 没有。有些人可能并不在意具体是使用哪个服务发现的工具。我喜欢swarm背后提倡的那种极简风格,以及他背后的逻辑,内置电池,拆留由已。任何东西都是拆箱可用但是我们还提供了选项让你去替换其中的任一个模块。

与swarm不同的是,kubernetes 是一个可配置的工具。你需要跟kubernetes提供的各个选项来共生存。例如,如果你打算使用kubernets,你必须要使用etcd.我不是说etcd不好(实际上正好相反),但是如果你习惯于,比如你在非常复杂的业务场景下使用consul,如果要使用服务发现,必须特别针对kubernets使用一个,而剩下的其他部分使用其他一个产品。另外一个对使用Kubernets觉得不方便的地方就是你需要在事先了解各种事情。比如,你需要告诉他要用到的所有节点的地址,每个节点的职责是什么,这个集群有多少个“小黄人” (minion,是kubernet对于一个集群中机器之前叫的名字),等等。 而使用Swarm,我们只需要启动一个节点,告诉他加入网络,就可以了。我们不需要提前告诉关于集群其他的信息,因为这些信息会通过各个节点间的 “八卦”(gossip protocol)来传输。

配置本身也许并不是这些工具之间最大的差别。不管你使用哪个工具,或早或晚,所有都会配置好并运行起来,到时候你们就会忘掉在配置时的痛苦经历。你可能会说我们之所以选择某个工具就是因为它安装配置简单吧。很公平的。我们继续往下讨论如何定义容器及之上的这些工具。

运行容器

如果使用Swarm来运行Docker容器,你如何去定义所有的参数呢? 实际上你根本不需要!你所做的跟使用Swarm之前没有什么不同。比如,你习惯于使用Docker CLI(命令行接口),你可以继续使用几乎相同的命令。如果你习惯于使用Docker Componse来运行容器,你可以继续在Swarm集群中使用。不管你之前习惯于怎么使用容器,你仍旧可以使用,只是在更大级别的集群中使用。

Kubernetes要求你去学习它自己的CLI(命令行接口)和配置。你不能使用你之前创建的docker-compose.yml配置,你必须要去新建与Kubernetes对应的配置。你也不能使用之前学习的Docker CLI(命令行接口)。你必须要去学习 Kubernetes CLI(命令行接口),并且很有可能,确保你整个公司机构也要去学习。

不管你选择哪个工具来部署集群,你都要先熟悉Docker。你可能已经习惯于使用 使用Docker Compose来定义你运行容器的参数。如果你曾经使用它超过几个小时,你可能就会直接使用它而扔掉Docker CLI。你可以使用它运行容器,跟踪日志变化,等等。另外一方面,你可能是Docker的 “死忠”,看不上 Docker Compose,而是任何事都使用Docker CLI,或者你甚至自己写bash脚本来运行容器。不管哪种方式,这些都可以在Docker Swarm上使用。

如果你选择Kubernetes,请先准备好同一件事需要有多个定义配置。你需要使用 Docker Compose来运行Kubernetes范围外的容器。开发人员需要继续在他们的笔记本电脑上运行容器,你的测试环境可能也不是一个大集群,等等。换言之,如果你选择了Docker,那么 Docker Compose 和 Docker CLI将是不可避免的。你肯定会在某些地方或者以某种方式用到它们。一旦你开始使用 Kubernetes,你就会发现你所有的 Docker Compose的配置都要翻译成 Kubernetes的方式,从这个时候,你也要开始维护这两个版本了。使用 Kubernetes,这些重复的事情意味着维护成本的提高。重复只是一个问题,另外的是你在集群中运行的命令将于集群外使用的命令不一样了。你之前学习并喜爱的Docker的所有命令在 Kubernetes集群内将是完全行不通了。

Kubernetes的开发团队强制你去按照他们的办事方式行事,其实不是为了让你过的那么苦。如此巨大差别的主要原因是 Swarm 和 Kubernetes针对同一问题采取了不同的处理手段。 Swarm团队决定使用跟Docker相同的API接口,因此我们看到这些之前有如此好的兼容性。结果就是,你可以使用几乎所有之前的东西,只是在更大级别的集群中使用而已。没有新的东西要去做,不需要去重复配置参数,也不需要去新学习什么。不管你是直接使用Docker CLIgipj使用Swarm,这些API接口是基本上一致的。不好的方面是如果你想Swarm去做某件事,但是这个在Docker API中没有,这样你就悲催了。简单来说,如果你在找一个工具,可以部署使用Docker API的容器到集群中,那么 Swarm就是解决方案。另一方面,如果你想要一个工具,可以解决Docker API办不到的事情,你就应该去试试 Kubernetes了。这就是功能性( Kubernetes)VS. 简易性(Swarm)。

这里唯一还没有回答的问题就是这些限制是什么。主要的限制中有两个,网络配置和持续化存储卷。走到Swarm1.0,我们不能连接运行于不同服务器上的容器。事实上,现在我们仍然不能连接他们,但是我们可能通过跨主机网络来协助连接运行于不同服务器上的容器。这是个非常强大的功能。而 Kubernetes使用 flannel(一个使用go写的虚拟网络的开源系统)来实现网络路由。目前自从Docker1.0开始, 这个功能也成为Docker CLI的一部分了。

另外一个问题是持续化存储卷。Docker在1.9版本中引入此功能。直到最近,如果你持久化一个数据卷,这个容器就绑定到这个持续化卷所在的服务器上了。它不能再次移动,除非你使用一些恶心的小花招,比如在不同的服务器间复制这些数据卷文件。这些本身是一些比较慢的操作,这与Swarm等工具的初衷也是相违背的。即便你有时间去复制,你也不知道从哪里去复制,因为集群工具会认为你整个数据中心是一个实体。你的容器会部署到它认为最合适的地方(比如,运行最少容器,CPU或者内容使用率最低,等等)。现在已经有Docker内置的持久化卷了。网络和持久化卷缺失曾经是许多人放弃Swarm而去选择 Kubernetes。自从Docker1.9,这此已经成为过去式。

选择

当需要在Docker Swarm 和 Kubernetes做出选择时,可以考虑如下几点。你是否想依赖于Docker自己来解决集群的问题。如果是,选择Swarm。如果某些功能在Docker中不支持,那它也非常可能在Swarm中找不到,因为Swarm是依赖于Docker API的。另外一方面,如果你想要一个工具可以解决Docker的限制,Kubernetes将是不错的选择。Kubernetes不是基于Docker,而是基于Google多年对于管理容器的经验。它是按照自己的方式来行事。

真正的问题是Kubernetes这种自我的方式(与Docker非常的不同)相比于它提供的优点是否值得。或者,我们是不是应该押宝在Docker本身上,期待Docker将来会解决这些难题。在回答这些问题之前,请先看一下Docker1.9之后的版本。它已经有个网络配置及持久化卷。也有了所谓的“除非死掉 才去重启”的策略,这次方便去管理那些讨厌的错误。现在Kubernetes 和 Swarm之间的差异又少了3个。实际上,现如今,Kubernetes 相对于 Swarm的优势很少了。另一方面,Swarm使用了Docker API意味着你可以共用命令的配置。个人认为,我倾向于押宝于Docker引擎变得越来越好,这样Docker Swarm也会受益。这两者之间的差异已经非常小。两个都是可用于生产环境,但是Swarm更易于去配置,易于使用,并且可以重用在上集群之前的配置,不需要在集群和非集群环境下重复工作。

我个人的建议是使用Docker Swarm。而 Kubernetes太“任性”了,不易于配置,与Docker CLI,API差别太大,并且在Docker1.0之后,相对于Swarm来说没有太多的优势。他们之间其他的差距影响真的是不太大。但是Docker Swarm更易于配置。

其他

  • 使用kubernetes的好处是在其前后基于Google对container管理几十年的经验,比如Borg。
  • 使用某个特定容器其实并不是特别重要的事,最主要的还是集群技术。kubernetes类似于数据库操作领域的hibernate/ibates,即解耦合。在需要的时候我们可以使用Rocket替换Docker,对使用者透明。kubernetes这个功能在swarm中是找不到的。在生产环境中,如果需要,对于上层是透明的,没有任何影响。
  • 不得不承认,Swarm更多的是一个部署工具,而Kubernetes是用于HA(高可用)架构的大规模的编配平台。
  • Kubernetes是介于中间的产品,没有Swarm那么简单友好,也没有Mesos那么功能强大。因此很有可能是在Mesos上层使用Docker,而非与Kubernetes集成。
  • 人们使用Mesos是因为它本身不是为了Docker或者容器设计的,它只是个集群抽象层。人们用就是因为它是唯一一个既支持部署应用程序又可以同时管理hadoop。(将来有可能不一定)
  • 如果我是个开发人员,我会选择 Compose+Swarm,它简单易用。但是如果我是CTO,我会选择k8s,因为这样我就不用关于Docker API的兼容性问题了。

原文地址 : https://technologyconversations.com/2015/11/04/docker-clustering-tools-compared-kubernetes-vs-docker-swarm/

2024

Back to Top ↑

2023

Az Cli

To run commands in VMs in Azure

Cheap and flexible computing

whether it seems possible or not - go for it Cheaper X 2 to EC2, to use Fargate Spot With Fargate Spot you can run interruption tolerant Amazon ECS t...

which-port-my-service-is-running

Summary As a Java developer, it’s important to know how to find out which port number your Spring service is running on. This information is useful when you ...

Elk Search Tips

message:/'Invoking SP with quoteContext*werqewr-1234asdf-sdf23-9d83-asdf23*'/

what is StrictHostKeyChecking in ssh

What’s and how to avoid error of the authenticity of host ‘xxx’ can’t be established You can suppress the “The authenticity of host ‘’ can’t be established” ...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 9

What’s spring cloud config Spring Cloud Config is a distributed configuration server that provides a centralized location to manage external properties for a...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 6

Sample me build a micro service payment system with spring cloud Here’s an example of building a microservice payment system using Spring Cloud:

Spring Cloud Master Piece 2

what’s usage of bootstrap yml In a Spring Boot application, the bootstrap.yml (or bootstrap.properties) file is used for configuring the application’s enviro...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 1

what’s API gateway An API Gateway is a key component in microservices architecture that acts as a single entry point for client requests to a microservices-b...

How To Config JFR Java Flight Control

“Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature’s peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness i...

Google マップ内の写真のコメントが表示されない

紹介 私は、私のOppo Androidスマートフォンのアプリ「Googleマップ」で奇妙な問題が発生していることに気づきました。Googleマップで特定の場所(例えば「中央公園」)を検索すると、通常、このアプリは公園の写真やコメントリストを表示するはずです。例えば、誰かが公園の芝生や川の写真を投稿し、便利な場所...

Back to Top ↑

2022

Minium Workable Mvp Vimrc

”—————————————————————- “ 4. User interface “—————————————————————- “ Set X lines to the cursor when moving vertically set scrolloff=0

Linux Tips

Remember, some things have to end for better things to begin.

Back to Top ↑

2021

How to user fire extinguisher

Summary As you know, staff and your safety is paramount. So what if emergency take place, such as fire in office, how to help yourself and your colleagues by...

Deep dive into Kubernetes Client API

Summary To talk to K8s for getting data, there are few approaches. While K8s’ official Java library is the most widely used one. This blog will look into thi...

Whitelabel Error Page

Summary Whitelabel Error Page is the default error page in Spring Boot web app. It provide a more user-friently error page whenever there are any issues when...

Debts in a nutshell

A debt security represents a debt owed by the issuer to an investor. Here, the investor acts as a lender to the issuer which may be a government, organisatio...

Back to Top ↑

2020

Debug Stuck IntelliJ

What happened to a debug job hanging in IntelliJ (IDEAS) IDE? You may find when you try to debug a class in Intellij but it stuck there and never proceed, e....

Awesome Kotlin

Difference with Scala Kotlin takes the best of Java and Scala, the response times are similar as working with Java natively, which is a considerable advantag...

JVM热身

此文是作者英文原文的翻译文章,英文原文在:http://todzhang.com/posts/2018-06-10-jvm-warm-up/

Mock in kotlin

Argument Matching & Answers For example, you have mocked DOC with call(arg: Int): Intfunction. You want to return 1 if argument is greater than 5 and -1 ...

Mock in kotlin

Argument Matching & Answers For example, you have mocked DOC with call(arg: Int): Intfunction. You want to return 1 if argument is greater than 5 and -1 ...

Curl

Linux Curl command

AOP

The concept of join points as matched by pointcut expressions is central to AOP, and Spring uses the AspectJ pointcut expression language by default.

Micrometer notes

As a general rule it should be possible to use the name as a pivot. Dimensions allow a particular named metric to be sliced to drill down and reason about th...

Awesome SSL certificates and HTTPS

What’s TLS TLS (Transport Layer Security) and its predecessor, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), are security protocols designed to secure the communication betwee...

JVM warm up by Escape Analysis

Why JVM need warm up I don’t know how and why you get to this blog. But I know the key words in your mind are “warm” for JVM. As the name “warm up” suggested...

Java Concurrent

This blog is about noteworthy pivot points about Java Concurrent Framework Back to Java old days there were wait()/notify() which is error prone, while fr...

Back to Top ↑

2019

Conversations with God

Feelings is the language of the soul. If you want to know what’s true for you about something, look to how your’re feeling about.

Kafka In Spring

Enable Kafka listener annotated endpoints that are created under the covers by a AbstractListenerContainerFactory. To be used on Configuration classes as fol...

Mifid

FX Spot is not covered by the regulation, as it is not considered to be a financial instrument by ESMA, the European Union (EU) regulator. As FX is considere...

Foreign Exchange

currency pairs Direct ccy: means USD is part of currency pair Cross ccy: means ccy wihtout USD, so except NDF, the deal will be split to legs, both with...

Back to Top ↑

2018

Guice

A new type of Juice Put simply, Guice alleviates the need for factories and the use of new in your Java code. Think of Guice’s @Inject as the new new. You wi...

YAML

Key points All YAML files (regardless of their association with Ansible or not) can optionally begin with — and end with …. This is part of the YAML format a...

Sudo in a Nutshell

Sudo in a Nutshell Sudo (su “do”) allows a system administrator to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root...

Zoo-keeper

ZK Motto the motto “ZooKeeper: Because Coordinating Distributed Systems is a Zoo.”

Cucumber

Acceptance testing vs unit test It’s sometimes said that unit tests ensure you build the thing right, whereas acceptance tests ensure you build the right thi...

akka framework of scala

philosophy The actor model adopts the philosophy that everything is an actor. This is similar to the everything is an object philosophy used by some object-o...

Apache Camel

Camel’s message model In Camel, there are two abstractions for modeling messages, both of which we’ll cover in this section. org.apache.camel.Message—The ...

JXM

Exporting your beans to JMX The core class in Spring’s JMX framework is the MBeanExporter. This class is responsible for taking your Spring beans and registe...

Solace MQ

Solace PubSub+ It is a message broker that lets you establish event-driven interactions between applications and microservices across hybrid cloud environmen...

Apigee

App deployment, configuration management and orchestration - all from one system. Ansible is powerful IT automation that you can learn quickly.

Ansible

Ansible: What Is It Good For? Ansible is often described as a configuration management tool, and is typically mentioned in the same breath as Chef, Puppet, a...

flexbox

How Flexbox works — explained with big, colorful, animated gifs

KDB

KDB However kdb+ evaluates expressions right-to-left. There are no precedence rules. The reason commonly given for this behaviour is that it is a much simple...

Agile and SCRUM

Key concept In Scrum, a team is cross functional, meaning everyone is needed to take a feature from idea to implementation.

Strategy-Of-Openshift-Releases

Release & Testing Strategy There are various methods for safely releasing changes to Production. Each team must select what is appropriate for their own ...

NodeJs Notes

commands to read files var lineReader = require(‘readline’).createInterface({ input: require(‘fs’).createReadStream(‘C:\dev\node\input\git_reset_files.tx...

CORS :Cross-Origin Resource Sharing

Cross-Origin Request Sharing - CORS (A.K.A. Cross-Domain AJAX request) is an issue that most web developers might encounter, according to Same-Origin-Policy,...

ngrx

Why @Effects? In a simple ngrx/store project without ngrx/effects there is really no good place to put your async calls. Suppose a user clicks on a button or...

iOS programming

View A view is also a responder (UIView is a subclass of UIResponder). This means that a view is subject to user interactions, such as taps and swipes. Thus,...

Back to Top ↑

2017

cloud computering

openshift vs openstack The shoft and direct answer is `OpenShift Origin can run on top of OpenStack. They are complementary projects that work well together....

cloud computering

Concepts Cloud computing is the on-demand demand delivery of compute database storage applications and other IT resources through a cloud services platform v...

Redux

whats @Effects You can almost think of your Effects as special kinds of reducer functions that are meant to be a place for you to put your async calls in suc...

reactive programing

The second advantage to a lazy subscription is that the observable doesn’t hold onto data by default. In the previous example, each event generated by the in...

Container

The Docker project was responsible for popularizing container development in Linux systems. The original project defined a command and service (both named do...

promise vs observiable

The drawback of using Promises is that they’re unable to handle data sources that produce more than one value, like mouse movements or sequences of bytes in ...

JDK source

interface RandomAccess Marker interface used by List implementations to indicate that they support fast (generally constant time) random access. The primary ...

SSH SFTP

Secure FTP SFTP over FTP is the equivalant of HTTPS over HTTP, the security version

AWS Tips

After establishing a SSH session, you can install a default web server by executing sudo yum install httpd -y. To start the web server, type sudo service htt...

Oracle

ORA-12899: Value Too Large for Column

Kindle notes

#《亿级流量网站架构核心技术》目录一览 TCP四层负载均衡 使用Hystrix实现隔离 基于Servlet3实现请求隔离 限流算法 令牌桶算法 漏桶算法 分布式限流 redis+lua实现 Nginx+Lua实现 使用sharding-jdbc分库分表 Disruptor+Redis...

Java Security Notes

Java Security well-behaved: programs should be prevent from consuming too much system resources

R Language

s<-read.csv("C:/Users/xxx/dev/R/IRS/SHH_SCHISHG.csv") # aggregate s2<-table(s$Original.CP) s3<-as.data.frame(s2) # extract by Frequency ordered s3...

SSH and Cryptography

SFTP versus FTPS SS: Secure Shell An increasing number of our customers are looking to move away from standard FTP for transferring data, so we are ofte...

Eclipse notes

How do I remove a plug-in? Run Help > About Eclipse > Installation Details, select the software you no longer want and click Uninstall. (On Macintosh i...

Maven-Notes

Maven philosophy “It is important to note that in the pom.xml file you specify the what and not the how. The pom.xml file can also serve as a documentatio...

Java New IO

Notes JDK 1.0 introduced rudimentary I/O facilities for accessing the file system (to create a directory, remove a file, or perform another task), accessi...

IT-Architect

SOA SOA is a set of design principles for building a suite of interoperable, flexible and reusable services based architecture. top-down and bottom-up a...

Algorithm

This page is about key points about Algorithm

Java-Tricky-Tech-Questions.md

What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable in Java? In earlier version of Java, reflection was very slow, and so serializaing large ob...

Compare-In-Java

Concepts If you implement Comparable interface and override compareTo() method it must be consistent with equals() method i.e. for equal object by equals(...

Java Collections Misc

Difference between equals and deepEquals of Arrays in Java Arrays.equals() method does not compare recursively if an array contains another array on oth...

HashMap in JDK

Hashmap in JDK Some note worth points about hashmap Lookup process Step# 1: Quickly determine the bucket number in which this element may resid...

Java 8 Tips

This blog is listing key new features introduced in Java 8

Back to Top ↑

2016

Java GC notes

verbose:gc verbose:gc prints right after each gc collection and prints details about each generation memory details. Here is blog on how to read verbose gc

Hash Code Misc

contract of hashCode : Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consis...

Angulary Misc

Dependency Injection Angular doesn’t automatically know how you want to create instances of your services or the injector to create your service. You must co...

Java new features

JDK Versions JDK 1.5 in 2005 JDK 1.6 in 2006 JDK 1.7 in 2011 JDK 1.8 in 2014 Sun之前风光无限,但是在2010年1月27号被Oracle收购。 在被Oracle收购后对外承诺要回到每2年一个realse的节奏。但是20...

Simpler chronicle of CI(Continuous Integration) “乱弹系列”之持续集成工具

引言 有句话说有人的地方就有江湖,同样,有江湖的地方就有恩怨。在软件行业历史长河(虽然相对于其他行业来说,软件行业的历史实在太短了,但是确是充满了智慧的碰撞也是十分的精彩)中有一些恩怨情愁,分分合合的小故事,比如类似的有,从一套代码发展出来后面由于合同到期就分道扬镳,然后各自发展成独门产品的Sybase DB和微...

浅谈软件单元测试中的“断言” (assert),从石器时代进步到黄金时代。

大家都知道,在软件测试特别是在单元测试时,必用的一个功能就是“断言”(Assert),可能有些人觉得不就一个Assert语句,没啥花头,也有很多人用起来也是懵懵懂懂,认为只要是Assert开头的方法,拿过来就用。一个偶然的机会跟人聊到此功能,觉得还是有必要在此整理一下如何使用以及对“断言”的理解。希望可以帮助大家...

Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具,用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

http methods

RFC origion http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9.1.2)

Spark-vs-Storm

The stark difference among Spark and Storm. Although both are claimed to process the streaming data in real time. But Spark processes it as micro-batches; wh...

微服务

可以想像一下,之前的传统应用系统,像是一个大办公室里面,有各个部门,销售部,采购部,财务部。办一件事情效率比较高。但是也有一些弊端,首先,各部门都在一个房间里。

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

iConnect

UI HTML5, AngularJS, BootStrap, REST API, JSON Backend Hadoop core (HDFS), Hive, HBase, MapReduce, Oozie, Pig, Solr

Data Structure

Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two children. A property of a binary tree that is sometimes important is that th...

SQL

Differences between not in, not exists , and left join with null

Github page commands notes

404 error for customized domain (such as godday) 404 There is not a GitHub Pages site here. Go to github master branch for gitpages site, manually add CN...

RenMinBi International

RQFII RQFII stands for Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. RQFII was introduced in 2011 to allow qualified foreign institutional investors to ...

Load Balancing

Concepts LVS means Linux Virtual Server, which is one Linux built-in component.

Python

(‘—–Unexpected error:’, <type ‘exceptions.TypeError’>) datetime.datetime.now()

Microservices vs. SOA

Microservice Services are organized around capabilities, e.g., user interface front-end, recommendation, logistics, billing, etc. Services are small in ...

Java Class Loader

Codecache The maximum size of the code cache is set via the -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=N flag (where N is the default just mentioned for the particular com...

Back to Top ↑