Head First Blockchina 1

深入浅出区块链系统:第一章.

what you should know about blockchain

考虑的大家现在很多都是碎片化阅读,不知道大家如何,反正如果我是在在只有很短一段时间里,不太容易切换状态静下心来读一篇洋洋洒洒的长文章。因此此系统会保持短小精悍,把整套分成一系列小文章,每个文章有分成若干个段(sections)。既KISS原则,查看这里什么是KISS.

目前区块链(blockchain)应该是在最近比较火的新技术之一了,这个不光在银行金融行业,也在其他诸多行业逐渐成为热点。区块链基于被认为是继互联网之后最重要的技术发明之一。看到过很多关于区块链的文章,要么是太过于学术,要么又局限于某个行业领域。对于一般人来说不太容易去理解其所以然。因此,笔者提笔自己写一个关于区块链的系列文章,以方便大家。

比特币

说到区块链就不得不提比特币。在进入讨论blockchain之前,先上张图片。

这个是在说雷曼兄弟公司的破产,背景是发生于2008年金融危机。当时被媒体及世人厌恶的贪婪,低效的传统金融体系垮塌,与此同时,不知道是不是巧合,比特币(bitcoin)诞生了(其实电子货币已经有几十年的历史了)。

比特币,就像是美元,人民币一样是个货币,只是这个是数字化的货币,没有一个具体的国家或者机构管理。既然是货币就要拿来用,要流通。当有任何变动,就会产生所谓的 money in money out, balance changed。即这些比特币的变动,最新的余额是多少,等都要记录下来。在现实世界中,这些记录在具体你的每个银行账户中,由一些监管机构监视并确保准确性。

但是比特币是个电子货币,没有一个具体的营业监管机构。怎么破?

这时区块链就被发明出来(大约是在2009年),区块链起源于比特币,就是当比特币从一个人转移到另一个人时,用于记录这些变动。换句话说,区块链(Blockchain) 就是比特币(bitcoin)的不可变动(immutable)的记账系统。

记账

有人可能会觉得“记账系统”太过于笼统,不太明白,因此首先这里说一下什么是记账,举个例子,你在淘宝上买东西,整个过程需要有多个记账操作,包括可能需要在购物车里添加一条记录,你买好了需要在商家那里记一笔账,然后支付时需要记下一笔,快递再需要记录一笔。如果你买的不是一般的小东西,比如是一个房子,那样还要在相关管理部门还要记录一笔。 有没有发现这个是非常低效的,需要花费很多的重复资源的过程?换句话说,这些低效都是最终都要转嫁到我们消费者头上。区块链却在设计之初很好的解决上面这些弊端。

什么是区块链

区块链是专门针对比特币设计开发的记账系统,用于所有比特币的记账。因为区块链本身良好的设计,区块链被服务于比特币仅仅只是一个用例和开端,其还可以用于很多地方。

记住这几个词可以帮助理解什么是区块链

  • chain/链。 像下面这个图,数据的组织是由一个一个大小相同的块(block)组成一个链条(chain),就像是DNA里每个基因有机的组织在一起。 .

下面使用一个例子来解释一下。当有如下三个操作时就会在区块链中添加三条记录。

  • 去中心化,或者说是“分布式” , 也就是具体的这些记账数据是分布式的散落在各个节点,而且每个节点都存有一份所有的交易。这样有个好处,就是每个交易有多份副本,互相之间可以对比查对,那些欺诈,篡改数据就没有可能了。其实,传统金融业有一个问题就是各个金融机构间互相的不信任,想像一下在2008年金融危机时,各个金融机构竞相抢购那些credit default derivatives等产品,就是因为大家对对方的不信任所引起的。

  • 挖矿。 “矿工”,其实就是链中一个个能够保存对账信息的节点的别名. 当有新的对账或者交易时,应该就是把数据写到某个节点,然后再需要加入到区块链中时。但问题是“链”只有一个,节点有很多,到底由哪个节点来完成这个任务呢?解决办法就是“打”,看谁厉害。其实就是许多的矿工节点会互相竞争,使用一些非常耗费计算资源,后台使用复杂的算法,最后使用一种叫做 PoW (Proof Of Work,是一种快速断定工作量的技术,比如你安排工人来给把一车箱子从仓库搬到车间,你并不需要从一开始紧盯着他去搬每一个箱子,只要看到最终的所有的箱子都已经在车间,即可证明他做完了工作,可以给相应的报酬了。这个我们在后续章节详细解释)的机制来决定最终哪个节点获胜,由它有资格来写这个区块,并加入到区块链中,同时这个获胜的节点可以得到相应财务上的奖励,即若干的比特币,这也正是不断激励人们投入更加强大计算能力的机器来挖矿的原因。这个过程被比特币平台很好的控制节奏,也就是大概每10分钟左右产生一个新的“区块”以添加到区块链路中。

可以参考https://blockchain.info/?currency=CNY, 这里是以人民币滚动显示当前所有挖矿的更新,下图是此屏幕截图。

区块链的应用领域

金融业

对于金融业来说,在进行远程转账时一直在使用的所谓“关系银行”,比如你想要通过中国工商银行给朋友在澳洲的汇丰银行的账户转账,这时在中间可能要经过在香港的汇丰以及悉尼的银行等多个第三方机构来中转,不光要多花手续费,真正拿到手时可能已经1周时间过去了。如果使用区块链,转账其实就是添加一个“对账”信息块并加入到区块链中即可,对方银行可以立即在链中发现此交易。这样此过程就流水化(streamline)了,就跟发个电子邮件似的。 相对于之前,区块链会有3个优势,(1)不需要经过第三方 (2)快 (3)省钱

一般商业公司

设想一下普通办公场景,一般业务处理都会涉及到许多纸制的表格,文件,请多文件的复印件等等。一是方便文件信息的传递,记录,另外一个原因是为了应付内部外部的审计。如果使用区块链,这些问题都得到很好的解决。比如,由于区块链的系统架构,其本身数据就是自动审计的。简言之,在这个领域,区块链有3大优势,(1)数据透明(2)数据安全性验证(3)审计。

对于零售行业

比如说你想知道这个食品是不是有机食品,而每个环节的数据都是散落在各个地方,不便于统一追踪。另外,数据的来源又是多种多样,又容易被篡改,比如作为一个钻石加工商,我是无法确定这批钻石是不是血钻。而“区块链”本身的特性保证了可以跟踪产品生命周期的每个阶段详细信息,而且区块链的“只能添加”的属性也确保了数据数据的准确性,不容易被后期篡改。因此区块链也可以用以政府类的投票,这样就更加具有合法性,不可能被人为篡改结果。

小结

以上的案例都涉及到一个关键词 “信任”。 你不信任供应链路,你不信任 “相关银行”, 等。但是你可以信任 “区块链”,它是允许多个不同的机构一起协同工作,但是不需要他们之间相互信任。

FAQ (常问的问题)

这些 “区块” 具体是什么样子的?

首先每个区块包含有一个时间戳,包含一个哈希码,指向其前面链接的区块,然后就是对账交易数据本身。每个区块都有一个唯一编号,生成这个编号是需要大量的计算工作及验证。我们在后续章节详细介绍此功能。

什么样新的块才能够加入

当需要添加新的块时,需要有所有节点中50%认为正确同意才可以。这样可以保证恶意的数据被加入到链中。

每个节点都存一份不也是有额外的成本吗

其实在2010年,1P (Peta byte)数据存储一个月是 $80,000/month,预计在2020年,也就是10年后,同样的1P的数据存储一个月只要 $4/month. 可见,存储本身的成本几乎可以越来越忽略不计了。

总之,BlockChain的出现,是由于人们的预期, 技术的进步。

所有上面提到的东西,包括此文章的markdown源代码,mindmap思维导图等等都可以在我的github上找到。此文章是我在GitBook上此系统的第一篇,链接。如果有任何建议或者想法,请联系我。

联系我:

  • phray.zhang@gmail.com (email/邮件,whatsapp, linkedin)
  • helloworld_2000 (wechat/微信)
  • github
  • [简书 jianshu](http://www.jianshu.com/users/a9e7b971aafc)
  • 微信公众号:vibex

2024

Back to Top ↑

2023

Az Cli

To run commands in VMs in Azure

Cheap and flexible computing

whether it seems possible or not - go for it Cheaper X 2 to EC2, to use Fargate Spot With Fargate Spot you can run interruption tolerant Amazon ECS t...

which-port-my-service-is-running

Summary As a Java developer, it’s important to know how to find out which port number your Spring service is running on. This information is useful when you ...

Elk Search Tips

message:/'Invoking SP with quoteContext*werqewr-1234asdf-sdf23-9d83-asdf23*'/

what is StrictHostKeyChecking in ssh

What’s and how to avoid error of the authenticity of host ‘xxx’ can’t be established You can suppress the “The authenticity of host ‘’ can’t be established” ...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 9

What’s spring cloud config Spring Cloud Config is a distributed configuration server that provides a centralized location to manage external properties for a...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 6

Sample me build a micro service payment system with spring cloud Here’s an example of building a microservice payment system using Spring Cloud:

Spring Cloud Master Piece 2

what’s usage of bootstrap yml In a Spring Boot application, the bootstrap.yml (or bootstrap.properties) file is used for configuring the application’s enviro...

Spring Cloud Master Piece 1

what’s API gateway An API Gateway is a key component in microservices architecture that acts as a single entry point for client requests to a microservices-b...

How To Config JFR Java Flight Control

“Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature’s peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness i...

Google マップ内の写真のコメントが表示されない

紹介 私は、私のOppo Androidスマートフォンのアプリ「Googleマップ」で奇妙な問題が発生していることに気づきました。Googleマップで特定の場所(例えば「中央公園」)を検索すると、通常、このアプリは公園の写真やコメントリストを表示するはずです。例えば、誰かが公園の芝生や川の写真を投稿し、便利な場所...

Back to Top ↑

2022

Minium Workable Mvp Vimrc

”—————————————————————- “ 4. User interface “—————————————————————- “ Set X lines to the cursor when moving vertically set scrolloff=0

Linux Tips

Remember, some things have to end for better things to begin.

Back to Top ↑

2021

How to user fire extinguisher

Summary As you know, staff and your safety is paramount. So what if emergency take place, such as fire in office, how to help yourself and your colleagues by...

Deep dive into Kubernetes Client API

Summary To talk to K8s for getting data, there are few approaches. While K8s’ official Java library is the most widely used one. This blog will look into thi...

Whitelabel Error Page

Summary Whitelabel Error Page is the default error page in Spring Boot web app. It provide a more user-friently error page whenever there are any issues when...

Debts in a nutshell

A debt security represents a debt owed by the issuer to an investor. Here, the investor acts as a lender to the issuer which may be a government, organisatio...

Back to Top ↑

2020

Debug Stuck IntelliJ

What happened to a debug job hanging in IntelliJ (IDEAS) IDE? You may find when you try to debug a class in Intellij but it stuck there and never proceed, e....

Awesome Kotlin

Difference with Scala Kotlin takes the best of Java and Scala, the response times are similar as working with Java natively, which is a considerable advantag...

JVM热身

此文是作者英文原文的翻译文章,英文原文在:http://todzhang.com/posts/2018-06-10-jvm-warm-up/

Mock in kotlin

Argument Matching & Answers For example, you have mocked DOC with call(arg: Int): Intfunction. You want to return 1 if argument is greater than 5 and -1 ...

Mock in kotlin

Argument Matching & Answers For example, you have mocked DOC with call(arg: Int): Intfunction. You want to return 1 if argument is greater than 5 and -1 ...

Curl

Linux Curl command

AOP

The concept of join points as matched by pointcut expressions is central to AOP, and Spring uses the AspectJ pointcut expression language by default.

Micrometer notes

As a general rule it should be possible to use the name as a pivot. Dimensions allow a particular named metric to be sliced to drill down and reason about th...

Awesome SSL certificates and HTTPS

What’s TLS TLS (Transport Layer Security) and its predecessor, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), are security protocols designed to secure the communication betwee...

JVM warm up by Escape Analysis

Why JVM need warm up I don’t know how and why you get to this blog. But I know the key words in your mind are “warm” for JVM. As the name “warm up” suggested...

Java Concurrent

This blog is about noteworthy pivot points about Java Concurrent Framework Back to Java old days there were wait()/notify() which is error prone, while fr...

Back to Top ↑

2019

Conversations with God

Feelings is the language of the soul. If you want to know what’s true for you about something, look to how your’re feeling about.

Kafka In Spring

Enable Kafka listener annotated endpoints that are created under the covers by a AbstractListenerContainerFactory. To be used on Configuration classes as fol...

Mifid

FX Spot is not covered by the regulation, as it is not considered to be a financial instrument by ESMA, the European Union (EU) regulator. As FX is considere...

Foreign Exchange

currency pairs Direct ccy: means USD is part of currency pair Cross ccy: means ccy wihtout USD, so except NDF, the deal will be split to legs, both with...

Back to Top ↑

2018

Guice

A new type of Juice Put simply, Guice alleviates the need for factories and the use of new in your Java code. Think of Guice’s @Inject as the new new. You wi...

YAML

Key points All YAML files (regardless of their association with Ansible or not) can optionally begin with — and end with …. This is part of the YAML format a...

Sudo in a Nutshell

Sudo in a Nutshell Sudo (su “do”) allows a system administrator to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root...

Zoo-keeper

ZK Motto the motto “ZooKeeper: Because Coordinating Distributed Systems is a Zoo.”

Cucumber

Acceptance testing vs unit test It’s sometimes said that unit tests ensure you build the thing right, whereas acceptance tests ensure you build the right thi...

akka framework of scala

philosophy The actor model adopts the philosophy that everything is an actor. This is similar to the everything is an object philosophy used by some object-o...

Apache Camel

Camel’s message model In Camel, there are two abstractions for modeling messages, both of which we’ll cover in this section. org.apache.camel.Message—The ...

JXM

Exporting your beans to JMX The core class in Spring’s JMX framework is the MBeanExporter. This class is responsible for taking your Spring beans and registe...

Solace MQ

Solace PubSub+ It is a message broker that lets you establish event-driven interactions between applications and microservices across hybrid cloud environmen...

Apigee

App deployment, configuration management and orchestration - all from one system. Ansible is powerful IT automation that you can learn quickly.

Ansible

Ansible: What Is It Good For? Ansible is often described as a configuration management tool, and is typically mentioned in the same breath as Chef, Puppet, a...

flexbox

How Flexbox works — explained with big, colorful, animated gifs

KDB

KDB However kdb+ evaluates expressions right-to-left. There are no precedence rules. The reason commonly given for this behaviour is that it is a much simple...

Agile and SCRUM

Key concept In Scrum, a team is cross functional, meaning everyone is needed to take a feature from idea to implementation.

Strategy-Of-Openshift-Releases

Release & Testing Strategy There are various methods for safely releasing changes to Production. Each team must select what is appropriate for their own ...

NodeJs Notes

commands to read files var lineReader = require(‘readline’).createInterface({ input: require(‘fs’).createReadStream(‘C:\dev\node\input\git_reset_files.tx...

CORS :Cross-Origin Resource Sharing

Cross-Origin Request Sharing - CORS (A.K.A. Cross-Domain AJAX request) is an issue that most web developers might encounter, according to Same-Origin-Policy,...

ngrx

Why @Effects? In a simple ngrx/store project without ngrx/effects there is really no good place to put your async calls. Suppose a user clicks on a button or...

iOS programming

View A view is also a responder (UIView is a subclass of UIResponder). This means that a view is subject to user interactions, such as taps and swipes. Thus,...

Back to Top ↑

2017

cloud computering

openshift vs openstack The shoft and direct answer is `OpenShift Origin can run on top of OpenStack. They are complementary projects that work well together....

cloud computering

Concepts Cloud computing is the on-demand demand delivery of compute database storage applications and other IT resources through a cloud services platform v...

Redux

whats @Effects You can almost think of your Effects as special kinds of reducer functions that are meant to be a place for you to put your async calls in suc...

reactive programing

The second advantage to a lazy subscription is that the observable doesn’t hold onto data by default. In the previous example, each event generated by the in...

Container

The Docker project was responsible for popularizing container development in Linux systems. The original project defined a command and service (both named do...

promise vs observiable

The drawback of using Promises is that they’re unable to handle data sources that produce more than one value, like mouse movements or sequences of bytes in ...

JDK source

interface RandomAccess Marker interface used by List implementations to indicate that they support fast (generally constant time) random access. The primary ...

SSH SFTP

Secure FTP SFTP over FTP is the equivalant of HTTPS over HTTP, the security version

AWS Tips

After establishing a SSH session, you can install a default web server by executing sudo yum install httpd -y. To start the web server, type sudo service htt...

Oracle

ORA-12899: Value Too Large for Column

Kindle notes

#《亿级流量网站架构核心技术》目录一览 TCP四层负载均衡 使用Hystrix实现隔离 基于Servlet3实现请求隔离 限流算法 令牌桶算法 漏桶算法 分布式限流 redis+lua实现 Nginx+Lua实现 使用sharding-jdbc分库分表 Disruptor+Redis...

Java Security Notes

Java Security well-behaved: programs should be prevent from consuming too much system resources

R Language

s<-read.csv("C:/Users/xxx/dev/R/IRS/SHH_SCHISHG.csv") # aggregate s2<-table(s$Original.CP) s3<-as.data.frame(s2) # extract by Frequency ordered s3...

SSH and Cryptography

SFTP versus FTPS SS: Secure Shell An increasing number of our customers are looking to move away from standard FTP for transferring data, so we are ofte...

Eclipse notes

How do I remove a plug-in? Run Help > About Eclipse > Installation Details, select the software you no longer want and click Uninstall. (On Macintosh i...

Maven-Notes

Maven philosophy “It is important to note that in the pom.xml file you specify the what and not the how. The pom.xml file can also serve as a documentatio...

Java New IO

Notes JDK 1.0 introduced rudimentary I/O facilities for accessing the file system (to create a directory, remove a file, or perform another task), accessi...

IT-Architect

SOA SOA is a set of design principles for building a suite of interoperable, flexible and reusable services based architecture. top-down and bottom-up a...

Algorithm

This page is about key points about Algorithm

Java-Tricky-Tech-Questions.md

What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable in Java? In earlier version of Java, reflection was very slow, and so serializaing large ob...

Compare-In-Java

Concepts If you implement Comparable interface and override compareTo() method it must be consistent with equals() method i.e. for equal object by equals(...

Java Collections Misc

Difference between equals and deepEquals of Arrays in Java Arrays.equals() method does not compare recursively if an array contains another array on oth...

HashMap in JDK

Hashmap in JDK Some note worth points about hashmap Lookup process Step# 1: Quickly determine the bucket number in which this element may resid...

Java 8 Tips

This blog is listing key new features introduced in Java 8

Back to Top ↑

2016

Java GC notes

verbose:gc verbose:gc prints right after each gc collection and prints details about each generation memory details. Here is blog on how to read verbose gc

Hash Code Misc

contract of hashCode : Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consis...

Angulary Misc

Dependency Injection Angular doesn’t automatically know how you want to create instances of your services or the injector to create your service. You must co...

Java new features

JDK Versions JDK 1.5 in 2005 JDK 1.6 in 2006 JDK 1.7 in 2011 JDK 1.8 in 2014 Sun之前风光无限,但是在2010年1月27号被Oracle收购。 在被Oracle收购后对外承诺要回到每2年一个realse的节奏。但是20...

Simpler chronicle of CI(Continuous Integration) “乱弹系列”之持续集成工具

引言 有句话说有人的地方就有江湖,同样,有江湖的地方就有恩怨。在软件行业历史长河(虽然相对于其他行业来说,软件行业的历史实在太短了,但是确是充满了智慧的碰撞也是十分的精彩)中有一些恩怨情愁,分分合合的小故事,比如类似的有,从一套代码发展出来后面由于合同到期就分道扬镳,然后各自发展成独门产品的Sybase DB和微...

浅谈软件单元测试中的“断言” (assert),从石器时代进步到黄金时代。

大家都知道,在软件测试特别是在单元测试时,必用的一个功能就是“断言”(Assert),可能有些人觉得不就一个Assert语句,没啥花头,也有很多人用起来也是懵懵懂懂,认为只要是Assert开头的方法,拿过来就用。一个偶然的机会跟人聊到此功能,觉得还是有必要在此整理一下如何使用以及对“断言”的理解。希望可以帮助大家...

Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具,用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

http methods

RFC origion http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9.1.2)

Spark-vs-Storm

The stark difference among Spark and Storm. Although both are claimed to process the streaming data in real time. But Spark processes it as micro-batches; wh...

微服务

可以想像一下,之前的传统应用系统,像是一个大办公室里面,有各个部门,销售部,采购部,财务部。办一件事情效率比较高。但是也有一些弊端,首先,各部门都在一个房间里。

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

iConnect

UI HTML5, AngularJS, BootStrap, REST API, JSON Backend Hadoop core (HDFS), Hive, HBase, MapReduce, Oozie, Pig, Solr

Data Structure

Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two children. A property of a binary tree that is sometimes important is that th...

SQL

Differences between not in, not exists , and left join with null

Github page commands notes

404 error for customized domain (such as godday) 404 There is not a GitHub Pages site here. Go to github master branch for gitpages site, manually add CN...

RenMinBi International

RQFII RQFII stands for Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. RQFII was introduced in 2011 to allow qualified foreign institutional investors to ...

Load Balancing

Concepts LVS means Linux Virtual Server, which is one Linux built-in component.

Python

(‘—–Unexpected error:’, <type ‘exceptions.TypeError’>) datetime.datetime.now()

Microservices vs. SOA

Microservice Services are organized around capabilities, e.g., user interface front-end, recommendation, logistics, billing, etc. Services are small in ...

Java Class Loader

Codecache The maximum size of the code cache is set via the -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=N flag (where N is the default just mentioned for the particular com...

Back to Top ↑